To further this, each octave vibrates at twice the resonance as the octave below it. In the past, music cultures have tried different tonal systems including using pitches in between all the notes we know today. These are called "quarter-steps" and now cause people in music a serious headache when listening to them. Simply said, our 12-tone system is the fundamental of Western Music and that's what we use.
To answer the actual question, I don't know, but every note can be read in an enharmonic form. For example, a "c" can be read as "c" "b#" AND "Dbb" (D double-flat.)
I would guess that the piano-keyboard is the reason we use our system.
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